Palmar Grasp Reflex

Onset: Birth

Stimulus: Pressure in palm on ulnar side of hand

Response: Flexion of fingers causing a strong grip

Integration: 4 month

Negative Effects if Persistent:
Ability to grasp and release objects voluntarily
weight bearing on open hand for propping crawling and protective responses

Source:  Dreeben p. 421

Galant Reflex

Onset:  30 weeks of gestation

Stimulus: Touch to the skin along the spine from shoulder to hip

Response: Lateral flexion of the trunk to the side of the stimulus

Integration: 2 months

Negative Effects if Persistent:
Development of sitting balance
Can lead to scoliosis

Source:  Dreeben p. 421

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex TLR

Onset: Birth

Stimulus: Position of labyrinth in inner ear - reflected in head position

Response: Supine position; Body and extremities are held in extension
                  Prone position - body and extremities are held in flexion

Integration: 6 months
Negative Effects if Persistent:
Ability to initiate rolling
Ability to prop the body on the elbows with extended hips when prone
Ability to flex the trunk and hips to come to a sitting position from the supine position
Often causes full body extension, which interferes with balance in sitting or standing

Source:  Dreeben page 421

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex STNR

Onset: 4-6 months

Stimulus:  Head position, flexion or extension

Response: When head is in flexion, arms are flexed and legs are extended; when head is in extension, arms are extended and legs are flexed.

Integration: 8-12 months

Negative Effects if Persistent:
Ability to prop the body on the arms in prone position
Crawling reciprocally
Sitting balance when looking around
Attaining and maintaining hands and knees position
Use of hands when looking at the object in hands ( in sitting)

Source:  Dreeben page 421

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex ATNR

Onset: Birth

Stimulus: Head position turned to one side

Response: Arm and leg on face side are extended; arm and leg on scalp side are flexed; spine is curved with convexity toward face side

Integration: 6 months

Negative Effects if Persistent:
  Feeding
Visual tracking
  Midline use of hands
  Bilateral hand use
  Rolling Development of crawling
  If ATNR persist, it can also lead to skeletal deformities such as scoliosis, hip subluxation, and hip dislocation

Source: Dreeben page 421